Integration of technologies for the use of organic agrowastes: production of feed additives, reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and production of hydrogen for sustainable agriculture

The increasing scale of the generation of organic waste (ow) from agro-industrial activities has tightened the global environmental and energy challenges. Conventional methods for the disposal of waste – especially landfill accumulation and open burning – not only use the resource potential of waste, but also contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions (THG), in particular to carbon dioxide (CO)₂), Methane (ch₄)) and Lachgas (n) (n)₂O). In this context, the valorization of organic agricultural attacks through biotechnological integration offers a transformative way to sustainable agriculture, the circular bioeconomy and to reduce CO2 footprint. This study presents a comprehensive concept for the synergistic integration of several biological technologies, including two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD), cultivation of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and co-based microalgae-based CO₂ Biose questation in photobioreactors (PBRS). The aim of the proposed framework is to enable an efficient conversion of OW into valuable products-biohydrogen, biomethane, protein-rich feed, organic fertilizer and a founding principles of green chemical principles. The proposed system combines thermophilic dark fermentation for hydrogen production with subsequent methanogenesis in order to create biogas and waste water that are suitable for downstream processes. The waste water is fractionated in liquid and solid components; The fixed faction serves as a substrate for BSFL cultivation, while the liquid faction is used as a nutrient medium for micro algae. The biological breathing of BSFL and the combustion of biogas in a kogen unit produce CO₂ And water vapor, both of which are captured by microalgae in PBRs with closed loop. The microalgen biomass is harvested as high -quality feed additives or converted into biodiesel and biofertilizers. Zook compost, which are derived from the BSFL activity and the residual fluid, can continue to be used in agricultural ground conditioning. Through detailed material and energy silence, the study evaluates the feasibility of the complete compensation of the system's energy requirement by internally generated biogas. Quantitative reviews show that the processing of 1 ton of ow, which contains 80 g/kg fleeting solids (VS)³ From biogas with CH₄ Salary of 71 %, 17 kg BSFL biomass, 48 ​​kg microalgen biomass, 67 kg zook compost and 760 kg fluid fertilizer. These conversions are realized in spatially optimized units that require 1 m³ the dark fermentation capacity, 4 m³ For methanogenesis, 21 m³ For microalgen cultivation and 10 tablets for BSFL growth. The analysis of the cogeneration shows that the biogas produced can result in up to 60 kWh of electricity and 100 kWh of thermal energy, which effectively supports the temperature control, mixture, lighting, ventilation and equipment in all subsystems. In addition, this study examines agricultural applications of the generated organic hydrogen. Empirical literature supports the role of molecular hydrogen in improving the resilience of the plants against abiotic stress (drought, salt content, heavy metals), the stimulation of root development, regulating antioxidant enzyme activity and the extension of the durability of horticultural products. It has been proven that water and leaf sprays are enriched with hydrogen in order to improve germination, reduce the accumulation of the nitrite and suppress mushroom pathogens such as botrytis cinerea. In cattle systems, BSFL-derived feeding dates increase digestibility and immunity, although the concerns of the bio-accumulation of heavy metals and microbial contaminants are discussed. The study emphasizes the need to treat substrate and sanitary controls, especially when BSFL is collected on wastewater from fertilizer-based advertising processes. At the systemic level, the integration model shows how the waste conversion can be optimized thermodynamically. The energy and material flows with a closed loop illustrate circularity, with outputs from a process heating, CO₂Wastewater – service as inputs for another. The heat recovery via compression heat pumps further improves the thermal efficiency, while the PBR condensate offers clean water potential. The approach shows high adaptability to regional climatic conditions and waste compositions and offers scalability for various agrocological environments. In addition, the methodology includes advanced mathematical modeling in order to define the flow rates, the decomposition efficiency, the retention times, the heat and mass transmission coefficients and the substrate assimilation rates. Equations are shown for each subsystem (AD, BSFL cultivation, PBR operation, energy module), which enables further simulation and field validation. Sensitivity analyzes underline the role of VS content, microbial community dynamics, CO₂ Delegates and reactorometry for overall performance. From the point of view of the political and sustainable perspective, the proposed framework is correct with the goals for the sustainable development of the United Nations (SDG 2, 7, 9, 12 and 13), support nutritional security, renewable energies, sustainable industry, responsible consumption and climate. Its modular architecture enables integration into rural development programs, decentralized energy systems and urban waste -valorization strategies. The concept also contributes to a low -carbon agriculture and the decarbonization of energy input of agricultural basis. In summary, you can say₂ Emissions and create feed and fertilizer resources. The system's ability to self -sufficient the energy requirement increases its sustainability profile. However, further experimental studies are necessary to validate the operating parameters under different substrates and climatic conditions, test microbial stability and to assess long -term effects on the soil and the environment. The study offers a platform for interdisciplinary cooperation between microbiologists, energy indicators, agronomists and political decision-makers in the further development of sustainable waste-to-resource systems.